Makar Sankranti 2028
Makar Sankranti in 2028: the day of the bath and gifts, the moment the Sun enters Makara, and the puṇyakāla for your city, with all twelve saṅkrāntis of the year.
Makar Sankranti in Delhi
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Delhi, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Makar Sankranti in Mumbai
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Mumbai, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Kolkata
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Kolkata, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Chennai
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Chennai, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Bengaluru
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Bengaluru, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Hyderabad
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Hyderabad, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Ahmedabad
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Ahmedabad, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Pune
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Pune, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Jaipur
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Jaipur, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Lucknow
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Lucknow, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in London
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 455 days. In London, the Sun enters Makara at 21:54 on Friday night, so the bath and gifts fall on the next day, Saturday, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in New York City
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 455 days. In New York City, the Sun enters Makara at 16:54 on Friday night, so the bath and gifts fall on the next day, Saturday, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Toronto
Friday, 14 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Toronto, the Sun enters Makara at 16:54 on Friday, within two ghaṭīs of sunset, so the bath and gifts fall that day, in the ghaṭīs before it.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Sydney
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Sydney, the Sun enters Makara at 08:54 on Saturday, in daylight, so the bath and gifts fall that day, in the daylight of the 40 ghaṭīs after it.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Dubai
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Dubai, the Sun enters Makara at 01:54 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
The Sun enters Makara (Capricorn)Makar Sankranti in Singapore
Saturday, 15 January
Makar Sankranti is in 454 days. In Singapore, the Sun enters Makara at 05:54 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday.
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Delhi
Delhi timeIn Delhi, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Mumbai
Mumbai timeIn Mumbai, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Kolkata
Kolkata timeIn Kolkata, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Chennai
Chennai timeIn Chennai, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Bengaluru
Bengaluru timeIn Bengaluru, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Hyderabad
Hyderabad timeIn Hyderabad, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad timeIn Ahmedabad, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Pune
Pune timeIn Pune, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Jaipur
Jaipur timeIn Jaipur, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Lucknow
Lucknow timeIn Lucknow, the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 21:00 – Sat 09:48, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 08:12; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Friday and Saturday in London
London timeIn London, the Sun enters Makara at 21:54 on Friday night, so the bath and gifts fall on the next day, Saturday, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives Fri 14 Jan, its most meritorious part 14:16 – 16:16. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 15:30 – Sat 04:18, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Friday and Saturday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 02:42; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Friday and Saturday in New York City
New York City timeIn New York City, the Sun enters Makara at 16:54 on Friday night, so the bath and gifts fall on the next day, Saturday, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives Fri 14 Jan, its most meritorious part 14:50 – 16:50. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
The ingress falls within three ghaṭīs after sunset, which jyotiṣa texts count for the day just ended; the Dharmasindhu notes that this is not found throughout the dharmaśāstra works. Dharmasindhu pp. 2, 86
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 10:30 – 23:18, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Friday and Saturday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Tue 21 Dec 2027, 21:42; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Friday in Toronto
Toronto timeIn Toronto, the Sun enters Makara at 16:54 on Friday, within two ghaṭīs of sunset, so the bath and gifts fall that day, in the ghaṭīs before it. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 10:30 – 23:18, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Friday and Saturday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Tue 21 Dec 2027, 21:42; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Sydney
Sydney timeIn Sydney, the Sun enters Makara at 08:54 on Saturday, in daylight, so the bath and gifts fall that day, in the daylight of the 40 ghaṭīs after it. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Sat 02:30 – 15:18, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 13:42; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Dubai
Dubai timeIn Dubai, the Sun enters Makara at 01:54 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 19:30 – Sat 08:18, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 06:42; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
How the day is chosen
By day, the bath and gifts fall in the 40 ghaṭīs after the Sun enters Makara, within daylight; Mādhava gives 20. After a night ingress, at any hour of the night, they fall on the next day, from sunrise to midday, its first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Saturday in Singapore
Singapore timeIn Singapore, the Sun enters Makara at 05:54 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
Other usages: Baudhāyana holds both days meritorious, Fri 14 Jan and Sat 15 Jan: the usage of Gujarat, the east and the north. Hemādri splits a night ingress at midnight, as for the other ten, which gives the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 326–327
Auspicious acts are avoided for 16 ghaṭīs either side of the ingress, here Fri 23:30 – Sat 12:18, and on the ayana day and the day after it, here Saturday and Sunday. NS p. 9; DS pp. 2, 86
The texts also count the tropical ingress, here the winter solstice, Wed 22 Dec 2027, 10:42; it never sets the date. NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2
The rites
- The bath, obligatory for everyone. DS p. 86
- Sesame throughout: a sesame cow, lamps of sesame oil in Śiva temples, rubbing with sesame and bathing with black sesame, and giving, offering and eating it. DS p. 86
- A ghee abhiṣeka of Śiva, and a gift of clothes. DS p. 86
- The gift for Makara: firewood and fire. Viśvāmitra via Hemādri, NS pp. 6–7; DS p. 2
- The śrāddha, without piṇḍas, obligatory at the two ayanas. NS p. 8; DS p. 2
Popular names
- Thai Pongal, the first day of the Tamil month Tai, is on this day at Chennai by the Tamil rule. The Indian Calendar, p. 12 Pongal 2028
- Popularly, Uttarayan is the Gujarati name for it.
- Lohri is kept on Thursday, 13 January, a popular observance. Lohri 2028
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Delhi time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:16 – 12:30 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:28 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:21 – 18:44 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:23 – 12:21 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:34 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:25 – 18:58 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:15 – 18:23 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:24 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:45 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:16 – 17:25 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Mumbai time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:15 – 12:47 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:47 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:39 – 18:54 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 06:01 – 12:39 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 06:10 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:42 – 19:04 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:33 – 18:38 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:34 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:47 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:33 – 18:02 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Kolkata time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 06:19 – 11:45 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 17:44 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 11:37 – 17:55 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 11:33 – 18:08 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 04:52 – 11:37 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:02 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 11:40 – 18:06 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 11:31 – 17:37 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 05:34 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 05:51 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 11:31 – 16:53 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Chennai time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 06:35 – 12:18 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:18 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:09 – 18:20 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:05 – 18:26 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:43 – 12:09 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:51 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:13 – 18:28 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:03 – 18:08 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:00 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:09 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:04 – 17:44 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Bengaluru time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 06:46 – 12:28 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:29 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:20 – 18:31 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:16 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:54 – 12:20 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 06:02 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:23 – 18:39 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:14 – 18:18 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:11 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:19 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:14 – 17:54 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Hyderabad time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 06:50 – 12:25 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:25 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:16 – 18:30 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:42 – 12:16 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:51 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:20 – 18:40 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:10 – 18:16 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:10 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:22 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:11 – 17:43 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Ahmedabad time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:23 – 12:48 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:47 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:40 – 18:58 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:55 – 12:40 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 06:04 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:43 – 19:09 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:34 – 18:40 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:38 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:54 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:34 – 17:55 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Pune time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:10 – 12:43 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:43 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:35 – 18:50 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:59 – 12:35 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 06:07 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:38 – 18:59 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:29 – 18:34 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:29 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:42 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:29 – 17:59 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Jaipur time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:18 – 12:36 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:34 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:27 – 18:49 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:33 – 12:27 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:44 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:30 – 19:01 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:21 – 18:28 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:28 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:48 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:22 – 17:34 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Lucknow time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 03:24 | Sat 15 Jan | 06:57 – 12:15 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 16:23 | Sun 13 Feb | 09:59 – 16:23 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 13:15 | Tue 14 Mar | 13:15 – 18:13 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 21:44 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:06 – 18:28 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 18:36 | Sun 14 May | 12:12 – 18:36 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 01:13 | Thu 15 Jun | 05:13 – 12:06 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 12:06 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:23 – 12:06 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 20:28 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:10 – 18:41 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 20:21 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:00 – 18:08 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 08:15 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:08 – 14:15 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 08:01 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:27 – 08:01 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 22:40 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:01 – 17:14 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
London time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Fri 14 Jan, 21:54 | Sat 15 Jan | 08:01 – 12:09 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 10:53 | Sun 13 Feb | 07:20 – 10:53 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 07:45 | Tue 14 Mar | 07:45 – 14:09 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 17:14 | Thu 13 Apr | 11:14 – 19:53 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 14:06 | Sun 14 May | 07:42 – 14:06 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Wed 14 Jun, 20:43 | Wed 14 Jun | 14:19 – 20:43 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 07:36 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:04 – 07:36 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 15:58 | Wed 16 Aug | 09:34 – 15:58 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 15:51 | Sat 16 Sep | 15:51 – 19:10 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 03:45 | Tue 17 Oct | 07:30 – 12:45 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 02:31 | Thu 16 Nov | 07:22 – 11:45 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 17:10 | Fri 15 Dec | 11:55 – 15:49 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
New York City time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Fri 14 Jan, 16:54 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:19 – 12:05 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 05:53 | Sun 13 Feb | 06:54 – 12:10 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 03:45 | Tue 14 Mar | 07:09 – 13:05 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 12:14 | Thu 13 Apr | 06:20 – 18:14 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 09:06 | Sun 14 May | 05:40 – 09:06 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Wed 14 Jun, 15:43 | Wed 14 Jun | 15:43 – 20:27 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 02:36 | Sat 15 Jul | 13:01 – 20:24 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 10:58 | Wed 16 Aug | 06:09 – 10:58 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 10:51 | Sat 16 Sep | 10:51 – 17:15 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Mon 16 Oct, 22:45 | Mon 16 Oct | 12:41 – 18:12 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 15 Nov, 21:31 | Wed 15 Nov | 11:40 – 16:36 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 12:10 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:10 – 16:28 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Toronto time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Fri 14 Jan, 16:54 | Fri 14 Jan | 07:50 – 16:54 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 05:53 | Sun 13 Feb | 07:20 – 12:32 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 03:45 | Tue 14 Mar | 07:31 – 13:26 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 12:14 | Thu 13 Apr | 06:38 – 18:14 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 09:06 | Sun 14 May | 05:54 – 09:06 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Wed 14 Jun, 15:43 | Wed 14 Jun | 15:43 – 20:59 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 02:36 | Sat 15 Jul | 13:23 – 20:55 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 10:58 | Wed 16 Aug | 06:25 – 10:58 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 10:51 | Sat 16 Sep | 10:51 – 17:15 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Mon 16 Oct, 22:45 | Mon 16 Oct | 13:02 – 18:30 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 15 Nov, 21:31 | Wed 15 Nov | 12:02 – 16:50 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 12:10 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:10 – 16:39 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Sydney time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 08:54 | Sat 15 Jan | 08:54 – 20:07 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 21:53 | Sun 13 Feb | 13:09 – 19:49 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 18:45 | Tue 14 Mar | 12:21 – 18:45 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Fri 14 Apr, 02:14 | Fri 14 Apr | 06:18 – 11:55 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 23:06 | Sun 14 May | 11:51 – 17:01 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 05:43 | Thu 15 Jun | 06:59 – 11:55 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 16:36 | Sun 16 Jul | 06:58 – 16:36 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 17 Aug, 00:58 | Thu 17 Aug | 06:32 – 11:59 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sun 17 Sep, 00:51 | Sun 17 Sep | 05:52 – 11:49 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 13:45 | Tue 17 Oct | 07:45 – 19:09 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 13:31 | Thu 16 Nov | 07:07 – 13:31 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Dec, 04:10 | Sat 16 Dec | 05:40 – 12:50 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Dubai time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 01:54 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:06 – 12:28 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 14:53 | Sun 13 Feb | 08:29 – 14:53 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 11:45 | Tue 14 Mar | 11:45 – 18:09 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Thu 13 Apr, 20:14 | Thu 13 Apr | 12:19 – 18:39 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 17:06 | Sun 14 May | 10:42 – 17:06 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Wed 14 Jun, 23:43 | Wed 14 Jun | 12:19 – 19:08 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 10:36 | Sun 16 Jul | 05:39 – 10:36 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 18:58 | Wed 16 Aug | 12:22 – 18:51 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 18:51 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:13 – 18:20 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 06:45 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:19 – 12:45 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 06:31 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:37 – 12:03 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Fri 15 Dec, 21:10 | Fri 15 Dec | 12:14 – 17:30 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
All twelve sankrantis in 2028
Singapore time. Dharmasindhu pp. 2–3| Sign | Class | Ingress | Bath and gifts | Puṇyakāla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makara (Capricorn) | Ayana | Sat 15 Jan, 05:54 | Sat 15 Jan | 07:13 – 13:13 |
| Kumbha (Aquarius) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 13 Feb, 18:53 | Sun 13 Feb | 12:29 – 18:53 |
| Meena (Pisces) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Tue 14 Mar, 15:45 | Tue 14 Mar | 15:45 – 19:15 |
| Mesha (Aries) | Viṣuva | Fri 14 Apr, 00:14 | Thu 13 Apr | 13:05 – 19:08 |
| Vrishabha (Taurus) | Viṣṇupada | Sun 14 May, 21:06 | Sun 14 May | 13:00 – 19:05 |
| Mithuna (Gemini) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Thu 15 Jun, 03:43 | Thu 15 Jun | 07:00 – 13:05 |
| Karka (Cancer) | Ayana | Sun 16 Jul, 14:36 | Sun 16 Jul | 07:06 – 14:36 |
| Simha (Leo) | Viṣṇupada | Wed 16 Aug, 22:58 | Wed 16 Aug | 13:08 – 19:12 |
| Kanya (Virgo) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Sep, 22:51 | Sat 16 Sep | 12:59 – 19:01 |
| Tula (Libra) | Viṣuva | Tue 17 Oct, 10:45 | Tue 17 Oct | 06:48 – 16:45 |
| Vrishchika (Scorpio) | Viṣṇupada | Thu 16 Nov, 10:31 | Thu 16 Nov | 06:48 – 10:31 |
| Dhanu (Sagittarius) | Ṣaḍaśīti | Sat 16 Dec, 01:10 | Fri 15 Dec | Fri 15 Dec, 12:59 – 19:00; Sat 16 Dec, 06:59 – 13:00 |
All twelve sankrantis in 2028: the day for each and why, for every city.
Kharmas 2027, the popular name for the Sun’s month in Sagittarius, ends with Makar Sankranti.
Makar Sankranti 2028 around the world
Each city’s own sunrise and sunset- TorontoPuṇyakāla 07:50 – 16:54
- DelhiPuṇyakāla 07:16 – 12:30
- MumbaiPuṇyakāla 07:15 – 12:47
- KolkataPuṇyakāla 06:19 – 11:45
- ChennaiPuṇyakāla 06:35 – 12:18
- BengaluruPuṇyakāla 06:46 – 12:28
- HyderabadPuṇyakāla 06:50 – 12:25
- AhmedabadPuṇyakāla 07:23 – 12:48
- PunePuṇyakāla 07:10 – 12:43
- JaipurPuṇyakāla 07:18 – 12:36
- LucknowPuṇyakāla 06:57 – 12:15
- LondonPuṇyakāla 08:01 – 12:09
- New York CityPuṇyakāla 07:19 – 12:05
- SydneyPuṇyakāla 08:54 – 20:07
- DubaiPuṇyakāla 07:06 – 12:28
- SingaporePuṇyakāla 07:13 – 13:13
Other years: Makar Sankranti 2027, Makar Sankranti 2029; all Makar Sankranti dates.
Questions
From the Dharmasindhu and the Nirṇaya-sindhu, with the page for each.
When is Makar Sankranti 2028?
In Delhi, on Saturday, 15 January 2028, with the puṇyakāla 07:16 – 12:30: the Sun enters Makara at 03:24 before sunrise on Saturday, so the bath and gifts fall that day, from sunrise to midday. In Toronto, it is Friday, 14 January. Dharmasindhu p. 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 6, 326
What is the punya kaal?
The puṇyakāla is the time for the bath, the gifts and the śrāddha at a solar ingress. For Makara it is the 40 ghaṭīs (16 hours) after the ingress, within daylight; after a night ingress, the next day from sunrise to midday. Its most meritorious part is the five nāḍīs (2 hours) nearest the ingress, or the first five after sunrise. The texts do not use the term mahā-puṇyakāla. Dharmasindhu pp. 2, 85
Why is Makar Sankranti on 15 January in 2028?
The Sun enters Makara at 03:24 on Saturday, 15 January, before sunrise. The bath and gifts are not done at night, so they fall that day, from sunrise to midday, the first five nāḍīs the most meritorious. Dharmasindhu pp. 3, 85; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 326
Is Pongal on the same day?
Yes. Thai Pongal falls on Saturday, 15 January at Chennai by the Tamil rule: the month of Tai begins on the day of the ingress if it comes before sunset, otherwise on the next day (Sewell and Dikshit, The Indian Calendar, 1896, p. 12). Pongal 2028
When is Lohri?
On Thursday, 13 January, the day it is kept; this year that is two days before Makar Sankranti. The texts cited here do not name Lohri, so no time is given for it. Lohri 2028
Why is the date different in the US or UK?
The Sun enters Makara at the same moment everywhere, but sunrise and sunset come at different hours. An ingress after sunset in one city can fall in daylight in another, where the bath and gifts stay on that day. Dharmasindhu p. 85
How the day is found
Read the methodology- The ingress
- The Sun’s sidereal entry into Makara, by the Lahiri ayanamsa, the moment the panchang reports.
- The day
- A day ingress: that day. A night ingress, at any hour: the next day, as in the south (DS p. 85; NS p. 326). Baudhāyana’s both days and Hemādri’s midnight split are shown beside it (NS p. 327).
- Puṇyakāla
- 40 ghaṭīs after the ingress (Hemādri; DS p. 85), within daylight (our reading of DS p. 3); Mādhava’s 20 (NS p. 6). After a night ingress, sunrise to midday. Within two ghaṭīs of sunset, the ghaṭīs before the ingress (DS p. 2).
- Most meritorious
- The five nāḍīs nearest the ingress, or the first five after sunrise after a night ingress (DS p. 85). Five for a day ingress is our reading.
- The other eleven
- Each class has its window: Meṣa and Tulā 15 ghaṭīs either side (NS: 10); Vṛṣabha, Siṃha, Vṛścika and Kumbha 16 before; Mithuna, Kanyā, Dhanus and Mīna 16 after; Karka 30 before. A night ingress takes the previous afternoon before midnight and the next forenoon after it; Karka at night, the previous afternoon (DS pp. 2, 41).
- Tropical ingress
- The texts also count the ingress shifted by the ayanāṃśa, for Makara the winter solstice (NS pp. 7–8; DS p. 2). It is shown as a note and never sets the date.
- Sunrise and sunset
- At the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction, for the chosen city. Every date is that city’s own.
Sunrise and sunset at the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction · Lahiri ayanamsa for the ingress · each city’s own time · Swiss Ephemeris · Method