Pradosh vrat in February 2028
The Pradosh vrats of February 2028: each vrat day, its pradosh kaal after sunset, and the Trayodashi across the evenings, for your city’s sunset.
Vrat days in Delhi
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:04 – 20:40
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:14 – 20:46
Vrat days in Mumbai
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:33 – 21:05
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:40 – 21:08
Vrat days in Kolkata
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 17:27 – 20:00
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 17:35 – 20:05
Vrat days in Chennai
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:11 – 20:39
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:15 – 20:42
Vrat days in Bengaluru
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:22 – 20:50
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:26 – 20:52
Vrat days in Hyderabad
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:13 – 20:44
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:19 – 20:47
Vrat days in Ahmedabad
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:30 – 21:03
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:38 – 21:08
Vrat days in Pune
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:30 – 21:01
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:36 – 21:05
Vrat days in Jaipur
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:12 – 20:47
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:22 – 20:53
Vrat days in Lucknow
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 17:52 – 20:27
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:01 – 20:32
Vrat days in London
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 17:00 – 19:53
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 17:25 – 20:08
Vrat days in New York City
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 17:20 – 20:04
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 17:37 – 20:14
Vrat days in Toronto
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 17:36 – 20:22
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 17:55 – 20:33
Vrat days in Sydney
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 19:54 – 22:00
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 19:39 – 21:51
Vrat days in Dubai
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 18:06 – 20:41
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 18:15 – 20:46
Vrat days in Singapore
- Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTuesday, 8 February, 19:19 – 21:43
- Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTuesday, 22 February, 19:19 – 21:43
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Delhi time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:04 to 20:40; the first 72 minutes, to 19:16, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Delhi time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:14 to 20:46; the first 72 minutes, to 19:26, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Delhi: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Mumbai time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:33 to 21:05; the first 72 minutes, to 19:45, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Mumbai time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:40 to 21:08; the first 72 minutes, to 19:52, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Mumbai: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Kolkata time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 17:27 to 20:00; the first 72 minutes, to 18:39, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Kolkata time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 17:35 to 20:05; the first 72 minutes, to 18:47, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Kolkata: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Chennai time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:11 to 20:39; the first 72 minutes, to 19:23, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Chennai time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:15 to 20:42; the first 72 minutes, to 19:27, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Chennai: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Bengaluru time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:22 to 20:50; the first 72 minutes, to 19:34, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Bengaluru time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:26 to 20:52; the first 72 minutes, to 19:38, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Bengaluru: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Hyderabad time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:13 to 20:44; the first 72 minutes, to 19:25, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Hyderabad time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:19 to 20:47; the first 72 minutes, to 19:31, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Hyderabad: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Ahmedabad time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:30 to 21:03; the first 72 minutes, to 19:42, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Ahmedabad time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:38 to 21:08; the first 72 minutes, to 19:50, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Ahmedabad: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Pune time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:30 to 21:01; the first 72 minutes, to 19:42, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Pune time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:36 to 21:05; the first 72 minutes, to 19:48, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Pune: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Jaipur time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:12 to 20:47; the first 72 minutes, to 19:24, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Jaipur time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:22 to 20:53; the first 72 minutes, to 19:34, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Jaipur: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 06:52 to Wed 9 Feb, 03:46, Lucknow time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 17:52 to 20:27; the first 72 minutes, to 19:04, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 08:08 to Wed 23 Feb, 10:44, Lucknow time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:01 to 20:32; the first 72 minutes, to 19:13, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Lucknow: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 01:22 to 22:16, London time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 17:00 to 19:53; the first 72 minutes, to 18:12, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 02:38 to Wed 23 Feb, 05:14, London time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 17:25 to 20:08; the first 72 minutes, to 18:37, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in London: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Mon 7 Feb, 20:22 to Tue 8 Feb, 17:16, New York City time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 17:20 to 20:04; the first 72 minutes, to 18:32, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi reaches the pradosh kaal on neither Monday nor Tuesday, so the later day is kept. Mayūkha (after Sumantu) keeps Monday, 7 February. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Mon 21 Feb, 21:38 to Wed 23 Feb, 00:14, New York City time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 17:37 to 20:14; the first 72 minutes, to 18:49, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in New York City: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Mon 7 Feb, 20:22 to Tue 8 Feb, 17:16, Toronto time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 17:36 to 20:22; the first 72 minutes, to 18:48, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi reaches the pradosh kaal on neither Monday nor Tuesday, so the later day is kept. Mayūkha (after Sumantu) keeps Monday, 7 February. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Mon 21 Feb, 21:38 to Wed 23 Feb, 00:14, Toronto time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 17:55 to 20:33; the first 72 minutes, to 19:07, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Toronto: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 12:22 to Wed 9 Feb, 09:16, Sydney time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 19:54 to 22:00; the first 72 minutes, to 21:06, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 13:38 to Wed 23 Feb, 16:14, Sydney time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 19:39 to 21:51; the first 72 minutes, to 20:51, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Sydney: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 05:22 to Wed 9 Feb, 02:16, Dubai time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 18:06 to 20:41; the first 72 minutes, to 19:18, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 06:38 to Wed 23 Feb, 09:14, Dubai time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 18:15 to 20:46; the first 72 minutes, to 19:27, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Dubai: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Tuesday, 8 February
Magha, Shukla TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 8 Feb, 09:22 to Wed 9 Feb, 06:16, Singapore time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 8 February: 19:19 to 21:43; the first 72 minutes, to 20:31, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 8 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Tuesday, 22 February
Magha (amanta) / Phalguna (purnimanta), Krishna TrayodashiTrayodashi from Tue 22 Feb, 10:38 to Wed 23 Feb, 13:14, Singapore time. Pradosh kaal on Tuesday, 22 February: 19:19 to 21:43; the first 72 minutes, to 20:31, are sandhyā.
Kept on Tuesday, 22 February: the Trayodashi covers the whole of Tuesday’s pradosh kaal. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
Masik Shivratri in February 2028 in Singapore: Wednesday, 23 February (Maha Shivratri). Masik Shivratri February 2028
Questions
Rules from the Nirṇaya-sindhu and the Muhūrta-cintāmaṇi, with the page for each.
When is Pradosh vrat in February 2028?
In Delhi: Tuesday, 8 February, pradosh kaal 18:04 to 20:40; Tuesday, 22 February, pradosh kaal 18:14 to 20:46.
What is Pradosh vrat?
A fast kept on the Trayodashi, the thirteenth tithi, of both halves of the lunar month: by day without food, with worship of Śiva at pradosh, the evening after sunset. It is kept on the day whose pradosh the Trayodashi covers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 72, footnote (Brahmottara-khaṇḍa)
When is pradosh kaal?
For the three muhūrtas after sunset. Taking a muhūrta as a fifteenth of the night, that is a fifth of the night: about 2 hours 24 minutes when the night is 12 hours long, more in winter and less in summer. The first 72 minutes are sandhyā, the evening twilight. Muhūrta-cintāmaṇi 3.6, commentary; Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 29
Why is the date different in my city?
Each date is worked out for the city’s own sunset. The Trayodashi begins and ends at the same moment everywhere, but whether it covers a city’s pradosh depends on when the Sun sets there, so cities far apart can keep different days.
Is Pradosham the same fast?
Yes. Pradosham is the Tamil name for the same evening worship on Trayodashi, and the dates here apply to it.
How the days are found
Read the methodology- Pradosh kaal
- Three muhūrtas after sunset, a muhūrta being a fifteenth of the night (our reading). The first 72 minutes are sandhyā, the evening twilight.
- The day kept
- The day whose whole pradosh the Trayodashi covers. When it covers part of both evenings, the day with more of it is kept, and when it covers both, neither or both equally, the later day is kept, with Mayūkha’s earlier day as a variant.
- Sunset
- At the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction, for the chosen city. Every date is that city’s own.
- Sources
- Nirṇaya-sindhu, 1898, pp. 29–30, 72; Vīramitrodaya, Samaya-prakāśa, p. 129; Muhūrta-cintāmaṇi 3.6 commentary.
Sunset at the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction · Lahiri ayanamsa for month names · each city’s own time · Swiss Ephemeris · Method