Ekadashi in September 2026
The Ekadashis of September 2026: when each tithi begins and ends, and the fast day for each tradition, worked out for your city’s sunrise.
Fast days in Delhi
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:03 – 08:33
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:10 – 08:35
Fast days in Mumbai
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:25 – 08:53
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:28 – 08:53
Fast days in Kolkata
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 05:22 – 07:50
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 05:26 – 07:51
Fast days in Chennai
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 05:58 – 08:25
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 05:58 – 08:23
Fast days in Bengaluru
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:09 – 08:36
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:09 – 08:34
Fast days in Hyderabad
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:04 – 08:32
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:06 – 08:31
Fast days in Ahmedabad
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:25 – 08:53
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:29 – 08:54
Fast days in Pune
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:22 – 08:50
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:24 – 08:49
Fast days in Jaipur
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:10 – 08:39
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:16 – 08:41
Fast days in Lucknow
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 05:49 – 08:19
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 05:56 – 08:21
Fast days in London
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:25 – 09:02
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:49 – 09:14
Fast days in New York City
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:31 – 09:03
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:45 – 09:10
Fast days in Toronto
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:50 – 09:24
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 07:07 – 09:32
Fast days in Sydney
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:05 – 08:24
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 13:00 – 15:25
Fast days in Dubai
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:03 – 08:32
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:08 – 08:33
Fast days in Singapore
- Ajā Monday, 7 September Pāraṇa Tue 8 Sep, 06:59 – 09:24
- Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva) Tuesday, 22 September Pāraṇa Wed 23 Sep, 06:54 – 09:19
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Delhi time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Delhi time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Mumbai time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Mumbai time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Kolkata time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Kolkata time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Chennai time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Chennai time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Bengaluru time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Bengaluru time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Hyderabad time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Hyderabad time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Ahmedabad time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Ahmedabad time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Pune time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Pune time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Jaipur time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Jaipur time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 19:29 to Mon 7 Sep, 17:04, Lucknow time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 20:01 to Tue 22 Sep, 21:43, Lucknow time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 14:59 to Mon 7 Sep, 12:34, London time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 15:31 to Tue 22 Sep, 17:13, London time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 09:59 to Mon 7 Sep, 07:34, New York City time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 10:31 to Tue 22 Sep, 12:13, New York City time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 09:59 to Mon 7 Sep, 07:34, Toronto time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 10:31 to Tue 22 Sep, 12:13, Toronto time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 23:59 to Mon 7 Sep, 21:34, Sydney time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Tue 22 Sep, 00:31 to Wed 23 Sep, 02:13, Sydney time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 17:59 to Mon 7 Sep, 15:34, Dubai time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 18:31 to Tue 22 Sep, 20:13, Dubai time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Ajā, Monday, 7 September
Shravana (amanta) / Bhadrapada (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sun 6 Sep, 21:59 to Mon 7 Sep, 19:34, Singapore time. Both traditions keep Monday, 7 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 117b
Parivartinī (popularly Pārśva), Tuesday, 22 September
Bhadrapada, ShuklaEkadashi from Mon 21 Sep, 22:31 to Wed 23 Sep, 00:13, Singapore time. Both traditions keep Tuesday, 22 September.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 120, 124
Questions
Rules from the Nirṇaya-sindhu, with the page for each.
When is Ekadashi in September 2026?
In Delhi: Ajā on Monday, 7 September; Parivartinī on Tuesday, 22 September.
What is Ekadashi?
Ekadashi is the eleventh tithi of each half of the lunar month, one in the bright half (Shukla) and one in the dark half (Krishna), so there are usually two a month. A tithi is the time the Moon takes to gain 12° on the Sun. Surya Siddhanta 2.64, 2.66
When do I break the Ekadashi fast (pāraṇa)?
On the next day, while Dvādaśī lasts, since letting Dvādaśī pass unbroken is a grave fault: in the first three muhūrtas after sunrise, but not in Hari-vāsara, the first quarter of Dvādaśī. When Hari-vāsara outlasts those three muhūrtas, in the afternoon, never at midday. If no Dvādaśī is left at sunrise, on Trayodaśī. In a difficulty, water counts as breaking the fast. Dharmasindhu p. 19; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 70–71
Why are there two dates for some Ekadashis?
The texts test the Ekadashi day for Dashami, the tithi before it. Smārtas test at sunrise; Vaiṣṇavas test the 96 minutes before sunrise, called aruṇodaya. When Ekadashi or Dvadashi runs long, or Ekadashi touches no sunrise, each tradition keeps its own day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 53–63
Why is the date different in my city?
Each date is worked out for the city’s own sunrise. A tithi begins and ends at the same moment everywhere, but the sunrise it is tested against differs, so a city far to the east or west can keep another day.
Why does my temple calendar show another date?
Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava calendars follow the Hari-bhakti-vilāsa, which is not among our sources, so their dates can differ from the Nirṇaya-sindhu days shown here.
How the days are found
Read the methodology- Sunrise
- At the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction, for the chosen city. Every date is that city’s own.
- The Dashami tests
- Smārta: Dashami at sunrise. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): Dashami at any moment in the 96 minutes before sunrise.
- Running long
- A tithi runs long when it is still current at the sunrise after its own day: Ekādaśī at the second day's sunrise, Dvādaśī at the third's, counting from the first Ekādaśī day (our reading of Nirnaya-sindhu pp. 59-62).
- Pāraṇa
- The first three muhūrtas after sunrise, once Hari-vāsara (Dvādaśī’s first quarter) is over and before Dvādaśī ends; else the afternoon, never midday; on Trayodaśī if no Dvādaśī is left. Dharmasindhu p. 19; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 70–71.
- Sources
- Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, Nirṇaya-sindhu, 1898 printing, pp. 49–63 and 70–71; Dharmasindhu, 1888, p. 19. Names from the Ekādaśī-māhātmya, Banaras, 1934.
Sunrise at the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction · Lahiri ayanamsa for month names · each city’s own time · Swiss Ephemeris · Method