Ekadashi in May 2027
The Ekadashis of May 2027: when each tithi begins and ends, and the fast day for each tradition, worked out for your city’s sunrise.
Fast days in Delhi
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:40 – 08:19
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:30 – 08:13
Fast days in Mumbai
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 06:10 – 08:44
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 06:04 – 08:40
Fast days in Kolkata
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:04 – 07:39
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 04:56 – 07:35
Fast days in Chennai
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:48 – 08:19
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:44 – 08:16
Fast days in Bengaluru
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:59 – 08:30
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:54 – 08:27
Fast days in Hyderabad
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:50 – 08:23
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:44 – 08:19
Fast days in Ahmedabad
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 06:06 – 08:42
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:59 – 08:37
Fast days in Pune
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 06:07 – 08:41
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 06:01 – 08:37
Fast days in Jaipur
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:48 – 08:26
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:39 – 08:21
Fast days in Lucknow
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:28 – 08:06
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:19 – 08:00
Fast days in London
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:30 – 08:29
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:07 – 08:15
Fast days in New York City
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:53 – 08:41
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:38 – 06:58
- Aparā Monday, 31 May Pāraṇa Tue 1 Jun, 05:52 – 08:26
Fast days in Toronto
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 06:08 – 08:59
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:51 – 06:58
- Aparā Monday, 31 May Pāraṇa Tue 1 Jun, 05:52 – 08:42
Fast days in Sydney
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 06:31 – 08:39
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 06:42 – 08:46
Fast days in Dubai
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 05:42 – 08:20
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 05:34 – 08:14
Fast days in Singapore
- Varūthinī Sunday, 2 May Pāraṇa Mon 3 May, 06:57 – 09:23
- Mohinī Sunday, 16 May Pāraṇa Mon 17 May, 06:56 – 09:22
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Delhi time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Delhi time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Mumbai time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Mumbai time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Kolkata time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Kolkata time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Chennai time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Chennai time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Bengaluru time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Bengaluru time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Hyderabad time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Hyderabad time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Ahmedabad time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Ahmedabad time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Pune time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Pune time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Jaipur time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Jaipur time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 18:54 to Sun 2 May, 19:52, Lucknow time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 18:18 to Sun 16 May, 17:13, Lucknow time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 14:24 to Sun 2 May, 15:22, London time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 13:48 to Sun 16 May, 12:43, London time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 09:24 to Sun 2 May, 10:22, New York City time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 08:48 to Sun 16 May, 07:43, New York City time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Aparā, Monday, 31 May
Vaishakha (amanta) / Jyeshtha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Mon 31 May, 00:32 to Tue 1 Jun, 00:10, New York City time. Both traditions keep Monday, 31 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 71b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 09:24 to Sun 2 May, 10:22, Toronto time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 08:48 to Sun 16 May, 07:43, Toronto time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Aparā, Monday, 31 May
Vaishakha (amanta) / Jyeshtha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Mon 31 May, 00:32 to Tue 1 Jun, 00:10, Toronto time. Both traditions keep Monday, 31 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 71b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 23:24 to Mon 3 May, 00:22, Sydney time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 22:48 to Sun 16 May, 21:43, Sydney time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 17:24 to Sun 2 May, 18:22, Dubai time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 16:48 to Sun 16 May, 15:43, Dubai time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Varūthinī, Sunday, 2 May
Chaitra (amanta) / Vaishakha (purnimanta), KrishnaEkadashi from Sat 1 May, 21:24 to Sun 2 May, 22:22, Singapore time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 2 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 64
Mohinī, Sunday, 16 May
Vaishakha, ShuklaEkadashi from Sat 15 May, 20:48 to Sun 16 May, 19:43, Singapore time. Both traditions keep Sunday, 16 May.
Smārta: Ekādaśī at sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 58. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): No Daśamī in the 96 minutes before sunrise: that day Nirnaya-sindhu p. 53.
Name: Ekādaśī-māhātmya (1934), f. 67b
Questions
Rules from the Nirṇaya-sindhu, with the page for each.
When is Ekadashi in May 2027?
In Delhi: Varūthinī on Sunday, 2 May; Mohinī on Sunday, 16 May.
What is Ekadashi?
Ekadashi is the eleventh tithi of each half of the lunar month, one in the bright half (Shukla) and one in the dark half (Krishna), so there are usually two a month. A tithi is the time the Moon takes to gain 12° on the Sun. Surya Siddhanta 2.64, 2.66
When do I break the Ekadashi fast (pāraṇa)?
On the next day, while Dvādaśī lasts, since letting Dvādaśī pass unbroken is a grave fault: in the first three muhūrtas after sunrise, but not in Hari-vāsara, the first quarter of Dvādaśī. When Hari-vāsara outlasts those three muhūrtas, in the afternoon, never at midday. If no Dvādaśī is left at sunrise, on Trayodaśī. In a difficulty, water counts as breaking the fast. Dharmasindhu p. 19; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 70–71
Why are there two dates for some Ekadashis?
The texts test the Ekadashi day for Dashami, the tithi before it. Smārtas test at sunrise; Vaiṣṇavas test the 96 minutes before sunrise, called aruṇodaya. When Ekadashi or Dvadashi runs long, or Ekadashi touches no sunrise, each tradition keeps its own day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 53–63
Why is the date different in my city?
Each date is worked out for the city’s own sunrise. A tithi begins and ends at the same moment everywhere, but the sunrise it is tested against differs, so a city far to the east or west can keep another day.
Why does my temple calendar show another date?
Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava calendars follow the Hari-bhakti-vilāsa, which is not among our sources, so their dates can differ from the Nirṇaya-sindhu days shown here.
How the days are found
Read the methodology- Sunrise
- At the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction, for the chosen city. Every date is that city’s own.
- The Dashami tests
- Smārta: Dashami at sunrise. Vaiṣṇava (Nirṇaya-sindhu): Dashami at any moment in the 96 minutes before sunrise.
- Running long
- A tithi runs long when it is still current at the sunrise after its own day: Ekādaśī at the second day's sunrise, Dvādaśī at the third's, counting from the first Ekādaśī day (our reading of Nirnaya-sindhu pp. 59-62).
- Pāraṇa
- The first three muhūrtas after sunrise, once Hari-vāsara (Dvādaśī’s first quarter) is over and before Dvādaśī ends; else the afternoon, never midday; on Trayodaśī if no Dvādaśī is left. Dharmasindhu p. 19; Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 70–71.
- Sources
- Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, Nirṇaya-sindhu, 1898 printing, pp. 49–63 and 70–71; Dharmasindhu, 1888, p. 19. Names from the Ekādaśī-māhātmya, Banaras, 1934.
Sunrise at the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction · Lahiri ayanamsa for month names · each city’s own time · Swiss Ephemeris · Method