Diwali 2028
Diwali, or Deepavali, in 2028: the Lakshmi Puja day and its pradoṣa time for your city, from the Amāvasyā that ends Āśvina.
Diwali in Delhi
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Delhi, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Diwali in Mumbai
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Mumbai, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Kolkata
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Kolkata, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Chennai
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Chennai, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Bengaluru
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Bengaluru, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Hyderabad
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Hyderabad, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Ahmedabad
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Ahmedabad, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Pune
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Pune, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Jaipur
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Jaipur, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Lucknow
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Lucknow, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in London
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 731 days. In London, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in New York City
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 731 days. In New York City, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa, at least a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of that night, so Diwali is on the later day, Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Toronto
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 731 days. In Toronto, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa, at least a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of that night, so Diwali is on the later day, Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Sydney
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Sydney, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Dubai
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Dubai, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Ashwin (amanta) / Kartika (purnimanta), AmavasyaDiwali in Singapore
Tuesday, 17 October
Diwali is in 730 days. In Singapore, the Amāvasyā holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday, with Lakshmi Puja at that pradoṣa.
The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā as the time, and no fixed-lagna muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Delhi time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:20 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:17 – 06:24Lamps at pradoṣa 17:48 – 20:19 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:48 – 20:19 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:41Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:13 – 15:29 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Delhi
Delhi timeIn Delhi, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Mumbai time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:42 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:29 – 06:34Lamps at pradoṣa 18:12 – 20:41 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 18:12 – 20:41 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:54Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:32 – 15:52 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Mumbai
Mumbai timeIn Mumbai, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Kolkata time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 19:39 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 04:27 – 05:34Lamps at pradoṣa 17:08 – 19:37 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:08 – 19:37 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 12:30 – 14:48 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Kolkata
Kolkata timeIn Kolkata, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Chennai time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:15 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 04:54 – 06:00Lamps at pradoṣa 17:47 – 20:14 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:47 – 20:14 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:04 – 15:25 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Chennai
Chennai timeIn Chennai, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Bengaluru time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:25 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:05 – 06:11Lamps at pradoṣa 17:58 – 20:25 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:58 – 20:25 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:32Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:15 – 15:36 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Bengaluru
Bengaluru timeIn Bengaluru, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Hyderabad time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:20 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:05 – 06:10Lamps at pradoṣa 17:51 – 20:19 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:51 – 20:19 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:31Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:10 – 15:30 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Hyderabad
Hyderabad timeIn Hyderabad, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Ahmedabad time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:41 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:33 – 06:38Lamps at pradoṣa 18:11 – 20:40 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 18:11 – 20:40 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:57Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:33 – 15:51 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad timeIn Ahmedabad, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Pune time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:38 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:25 – 06:29Lamps at pradoṣa 18:09 – 20:37 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 18:09 – 20:37 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:50Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:29 – 15:48 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Pune
Pune timeIn Pune, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Jaipur time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:27 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:22 – 06:28Lamps at pradoṣa 17:55 – 20:26 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:55 – 20:26 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 08:26 – 08:46Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:19 – 15:36 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Jaipur
Jaipur timeIn Jaipur, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Lucknow time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 19:17 – Mon 15:45 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:17 – 20:06 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 15:45 – Tue 12:05 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:01 – 06:08Lamps at pradoṣa 17:34 – 20:05 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 12:05 – Wed 08:26 | Pradoṣa 17:34 – 20:05 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 08:26 – Thu 05:01 | Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 05:01 – Fri 01:59 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 12:59 – 15:16 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Lucknow
Lucknow timeIn Lucknow, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 12:05 to Wed 08:26: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
London time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 14:47 – Mon 11:15 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 18:04 – 20:45 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 11:15 – Tue 07:35 | Oil bath before sunrise 06:41 – 07:30Lamps at pradoṣa 18:00 – 20:42 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 07:35 – Wed 03:56 | Pradoṣa 18:00 – 20:42 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 03:56 – Thu 00:31 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 07:31 – 09:37Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā lasts nine muhūrtas or more after Wednesday’s sunrise, so every rite falls on that day. DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 00:31 – 21:29 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:47 – 15:51 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in London
London timeIn London, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 07:35 to Wed 03:56: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
New York City time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 09:47 – Mon 06:15 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 18:13 – 20:48 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Mon 16 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 06:15 – Tue 02:35 | Oil bath before sunrise 06:15 – 07:10Lamps at pradoṣa 18:12 – 20:47 The Caturdaśī begins between Monday’s moonrise and sunrise, so the bath is at that dawn, from its start. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 02:35 – 22:56 | Pradoṣa 18:10 – 20:46 The Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa of Tuesday night, so the later day is kept. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāTue 22:56 – Wed 19:31 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 07:12 – 09:23Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā lasts nine muhūrtas or more after Wednesday’s sunrise, so every rite falls on that day. DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāWed 19:31 – Thu 16:29 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:46 – 15:56 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Monday or Tuesday in New York City
New York City timeIn New York City, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 02:35 to 22:56: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa, at least a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of that night, so Diwali is on the later day, Tuesday. Divodāsīya prefers an Amāvasyā holding midnight too; this one holds only the pradoṣa. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Toronto time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 09:47 – Mon 06:15 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 18:31 – 21:08 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Mon 16 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 06:15 – Tue 02:35 | Oil bath before sunrise 06:15 – 07:35Lamps at pradoṣa 18:30 – 21:07 The Caturdaśī begins between Monday’s moonrise and sunrise, so the bath is at that dawn, from its start. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 02:35 – 22:56 | Pradoṣa 18:28 – 21:06 The Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa of Tuesday night, so the later day is kept. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāTue 22:56 – Wed 19:31 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 07:37 – 09:47Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā lasts nine muhūrtas or more after Wednesday’s sunrise, so every rite falls on that day. DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāWed 19:31 – Thu 16:29 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 14:06 – 16:16 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Monday or Tuesday in Toronto
Toronto timeIn Toronto, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 02:35 to 22:56: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa, at least a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of that night, so Diwali is on the later day, Tuesday. Divodāsīya prefers an Amāvasyā holding midnight too; this one holds only the pradoṣa. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Sydney time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Mon 16 Oct | TrayodaśīMon 00:47 – 21:15 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 19:08 – 21:15 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Monday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 21:15 – Tue 17:35 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:05 – 06:12Lamps at pradoṣa 19:09 – 21:21 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 17:35 – Wed 13:56 | Pradoṣa 19:09 – 21:21 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 13:56 – Thu 10:31 | Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā lasts under nine muhūrtas after Thursday’s sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day before, and the bath and new clothes stay on Thu 19 Oct. DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 10:31 – Fri 07:29 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:58 – 16:34 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Friday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Sydney
Sydney timeIn Sydney, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 17:35 to Wed 13:56: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Dubai time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Sun 15 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 17:47 – Mon 14:15 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 17:50 – 20:20 The dark Trayodaśī is current at Sunday’s pradoṣa. NS p. 294; DS p. 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 14:15 – Tue 10:35 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:17 – 06:19Lamps at pradoṣa 17:48 – 20:18 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 10:35 – Wed 06:56 | Pradoṣa 17:48 – 20:18 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 06:56 – Thu 03:31 | Govardhana-pūjā, morning 06:56 – 08:37Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā touches no sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day it begins, Wednesday, joined with Amāvasyā (our reading). DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 03:31 – Fri 00:29 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 13:12 – 15:29 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Wednesday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Dubai
Dubai timeIn Dubai, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 10:35 to Wed 06:56: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
The five days of Diwali 2028
Singapore time| Day | Date | Tithi | Time, and why this day |
|---|---|---|---|
| DhanterasYama-dīpa, the lamp for Yama | Mon 16 Oct | TrayodaśīSun 21:47 – Mon 18:15 | Yama-dīpa at pradoṣa 18:51 – 21:15 The Trayodaśī holds pradoṣa on neither Sunday nor Monday, so the later day is kept. DS pp. 20, 76 |
| Naraka ChaturdashiChoti Diwali (popular name) | Tue 17 Oct | CaturdaśīMon 18:15 – Tue 14:35 | Oil bath before sunrise 05:40 – 06:48Lamps at pradoṣa 18:51 – 21:14 The Caturdaśī is current at Tuesday’s pre-dawn moonrise. DS pp. 76–77; NS p. 294 Its lamps are still given that evening, though the Caturdaśī has ended. DS p. 76 |
| Lakshmi PujaDiwali, Deepavali | Tue 17 Oct | AmāvasyāTue 14:35 – Wed 10:56 | Pradoṣa 18:51 – 21:14 The Amāvasyā is current at Tuesday’s pradoṣa. NS pp. 299–300 |
| Govardhan PujaBali-pratipadā | Wed 18 Oct | PratipadāWed 10:56 – Thu 07:31 | Bali-pūjā at night The Pratipadā lasts under nine muhūrtas after Thursday’s sunrise, so the pūjā is on the day before, and the bath and new clothes stay on Thu 19 Oct. DS p. 78 |
| Bhai DoojYama-dvitīyā | Thu 19 Oct | DvitīyāThu 07:31 – Fri 04:29 | Yama-pūjā, afternoon 14:01 – 16:26 The Dvitīyā covers Thursday’s afternoon but not Friday’s, so Thursday. DS p. 79 |
How the day is chosen
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, when Lakshmi is worshipped. When the Amāvasyā touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is taken (Tithi-tattva). Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Tuesday or Wednesday in Singapore
Singapore timeIn Singapore, the Amāvasyā runs from Tue 14:35 to Wed 10:56: it holds all of Tuesday’s pradoṣa and not a daṇḍa of Wednesday’s night, so Diwali is on Tuesday. It holds midnight too, as Divodāsīya prefers. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 300
Diwali 2028 around the world
Each city’s own sunset- DelhiLakshmi Puja 17:48 – 20:19
- MumbaiLakshmi Puja 18:12 – 20:41
- KolkataLakshmi Puja 17:08 – 19:37
- ChennaiLakshmi Puja 17:47 – 20:14
- BengaluruLakshmi Puja 17:58 – 20:25
- HyderabadLakshmi Puja 17:51 – 20:19
- AhmedabadLakshmi Puja 18:11 – 20:40
- PuneLakshmi Puja 18:09 – 20:37
- JaipurLakshmi Puja 17:55 – 20:26
- LucknowLakshmi Puja 17:34 – 20:05
- LondonLakshmi Puja 18:00 – 20:42
- New York CityLakshmi Puja 18:10 – 20:46
- TorontoLakshmi Puja 18:28 – 21:06
- SydneyLakshmi Puja 19:09 – 21:21
- DubaiLakshmi Puja 17:48 – 20:18
- SingaporeLakshmi Puja 18:51 – 21:14
Other years: Diwali 2026, Diwali 2027; all Diwali dates.
Questions
From the Nirṇaya-sindhu, pp. 294–300, and the Dharmasindhu, p. 76.
When is Diwali 2028?
In Delhi, on Tuesday, 17 October 2028, with Lakshmi Puja at pradoṣa, 17:48 to 20:19. Every city on this page keeps the same day. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
Why is Diwali on a different date in the US or UK?
Diwali is the Amāvasyā current at pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, at the city. The Amāvasyā begins and ends at the same moment everywhere, but sunset comes at a different hour, so a city to the west can hold it at the earlier evening while Delhi holds it at the next. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300
What are the five days of Diwali 2028?
In Delhi: Dhanteras Sun 15 Oct, Naraka Chaturdashi Tue 17 Oct, Lakshmi Puja Tue 17 Oct, Govardhan Puja Wed 18 Oct, Bhai Dooj Thu 19 Oct. The texts set lamps on five evenings, from the dark Dvādaśī to the Pratipadā. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 294; Dharmasindhu pp. 76–79
Is Deepavali the same as Diwali?
Yes. Dīpāvalī means a row of lamps: it is so called because lamps are waved, as the Mātsya puts it. Diwali is its everyday form. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 299
What time is Lakshmi Puja?
At pradoṣa, the three muhūrtas after sunset, while the Amāvasyā runs: in Delhi in 2028, 17:48 to 20:19. The texts give no fixed-lagna (Vṛṣabha) muhurat. Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 299
How the day is found
Read the methodology- The day
- The Amāvasyā that ends amānta Āśvina, current at pradoṣa. When it touches a daṇḍa (24 minutes) of the next night, the later day is kept. Nirṇaya-sindhu pp. 299–300.
- Pradoṣa
- Three muhūrtas after sunset. Lakshmi Puja is that window while the Amāvasyā runs (Bhaviṣya, Nirṇaya-sindhu p. 299).
- No lagna muhurat
- The texts give pradoṣa on the Amāvasyā. Neither the Nirṇaya-sindhu nor the Vīramitrodaya gives a fixed-lagna (Vṛṣabha) rule, so none is shown.
- Sunset
- At the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction, for the chosen city. Every date is that city’s own.
Sunset at the centre of the Sun’s disc, with refraction · Lahiri ayanamsa for month names · each city’s own time · Swiss Ephemeris · Method